![]() The more directly toward the nucleus the α particles are headed, the larger the deflection angle will be. Those α particles that pass near the nucleus will be deflected from their paths due to positive-positive repulsion. The Rutherford atom has a small, positively charged nucleus, so most α particles will pass through empty space far from the nucleus and be undeflected. What generalization can you make regarding the type of atom and effect on the path of α particles? Be clear and specific. Repeat this with larger numbers of protons and neutrons. Does this match your prediction from (c)? If not, explain why the actual path would be that shown in the simulation. Pause or reset, select “40” for both protons and neutrons, “min” for energy, show traces, and fire away. Does this match your prediction from (b)? If not, explain the effect of increased energy on the actual path as shown in the simulation. Pause or reset, set energy to “max,” and start firing α particles. ![]() Does this match your prediction from (a)? If not, explain why the actual path would be that shown in the simulation. Due to the scale of the simulation, it is best to start with a small nucleus, so select “20” for both protons and neutrons, “min” for energy, show traces, and then start firing α particles. (d) Now test your predictions from (a), (b), and (c). What factor do you expect to cause this difference in paths, and why? (c) Predict how the paths taken by the α particles will differ if they are fired at Rutherford atoms of elements other than gold. (b) If α particles of higher energy than those in (a) are fired at Rutherford atoms, predict how their paths will differ from the lower-energy α particle paths. Explain why you expect the α particles to take these paths. (a) Predict the paths taken by α particles that are fired at atoms with a Rutherford atom model structure. Predict and test the behavior of α particles fired at a Rutherford atom model. There was no apparent slowing of the α particles as they passed through the atoms. The α particles followed straight-line paths through the plum pudding atom. Higher-energy α particles will be traveling faster (and perhaps slowed less) and will also follow straight-line paths through the atoms. The plum pudding model indicates that the positive charge is spread uniformly throughout the atom, so we expect the α particles to (perhaps) be slowed somewhat by the positive-positive repulsion, but to follow straight-line paths (i.e., not to be deflected) as they pass through the atoms. Does this match your prediction from (b)? If not, explain the effect of increased energy on the actual paths as shown in the simulation. Hit the pause button, or “Reset All.” Set “Alpha Particles Energy” to “max,” and start firing α particles. Set “Alpha Particles Energy” to “min,” and select “show traces.” Click on the gun to start firing α particles. Select the “Plum Pudding Atom” tab above. (c) Now test your predictions from (a) and (b). (b) If α particles of higher energy than those in (a) are fired at plum pudding atoms, predict how their paths will differ from the lower-energy α particle paths. (a) Predict the paths taken by α particles that are fired at atoms with a Thomson’s plum pudding model structure. Predict and test the behavior of α particles fired at a “plum pudding” model atom. ![]() ![]() "Rutherford Model of the Atom.", Gold Foil Experiment. "HISTORY OF THE ATOM FROM DEMOCRITUS TO BOHR AND SCHRÖDINGER." HISTORY OF THE ATOM FROM DEMOCRITUS TO BOHR AND SCHRÖDINGER. "Joseph John Thomson." Homepage of the Chemical Heritage Foundation. "John Dalton." Homepage of the Chemical Heritage Foundation. ![]() "From Quanta to Quarks." Senior Physics and Religion. "About This Artwork." Democritus, the Laughing Philosopher. ![]()
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